The Little-Known Secrets to Topics for Rhetorical Analysis Essay

The Little-Known Secrets to Topics for Rhetorical Analysis Essay The usage of good informational essay topics can have an impact on how good a grade you get. The topics for such papers need to be very specific. You should have your reasons, and our principal concern is that you find yourself getting an excellent grade. A part of rhetorical analysis might appear a true problem to students. It is necessary for the writing pieces which require a thorough analysis of distinct texts. Opt for the subtopic with the most complete research, which means that your paper is well-researched. An analysis paper is quite like a critique in that you're breaking down a text. Be certain to include proper citations also. The Topics for Rhetorical Analysis Essay Stories Write an adequate introduction and you're off to an excellent start. It is possible to also talk about the issues that arrive with having a football program. You are able to split the very same book into various parts like au dio cd, training program, newsletters etc.. If you may analyze any book for your rhetorical assignment, choose the work you understand well. The primary purpose of writing argument analysis essays is to talk about a particular argument from various perspectives. 1 useful means to check at written arguments is to think about the context where the text was written. As an issue of fact, a rhetorical essay is really straightforward. Simply take the info presented into consideration and you are certain to learn writing fantastic argument analysis essays. Topics for Rhetorical Analysis Essay: No Longer a Mystery It is likewise very beneficial to select a notable bit of writing which doesn't need to be introduced to the audience. A crucial analysis essay permits the writer to clearly show their comprehension of the text and the way the author has used language to make meaning. A rhetorical analysis essay requires a text and provides a close reading of the particular linguistic ch oices its author made as a way to communicate a specific message to the audience. Also, attempt to have a critical look at your essay. For example, an analysis of a poem might handle the different types of. This article provides many intriguing suggestions. Be certain to adhere to those leads as well to finish a thorough rhetorical analysis. Read the next sample rhetorical analysis of a post. If you select a speech or a sermon given by a prominent leader (there are loads of such speeches, and they're simple to be found) you can conserve a good deal of time and make sure your analysis will cause the desired effect. The rhetorical analysis definition denotes the art of persuading other people to agree with your point. Observing the correct structuring is the most dependable procedure of satisfying the professor's requests, so utilizing the 5-6 paragraph style is your best choice. Rhetorical analysis example does not need a whole lot of external research, but you may want to include sources that explain various techniques of persuasion to demonstrate the method by which the author of the works you're analyzing convinces their audience. Speeches really stick out among others. Writing an outline is particularly helpful once you are just about to write an extensive academic paper. Analysis essays are among the harder essays to work on because of their technical nature. Introduction is a rather important portion of the academic paper too. Different types of Essays Analysis. One of the simplest type of topic you could choose for this kind of essay is to pick a topic that manages a famed speech. To be able to compose a decent rhetorical analysis essay, however, you have to first opt for a great topic. You could be given the topic straight away by your professor, or perhaps you be free to decide on the topic yourself. It can be challenging to work out what's going to make a great topic for a rhetorical analysis essay. If you are a newcomer to writing informative essays or simply struggle when it has to do with thinking of informative essay topics, then there's an excellent chance you might be looking for some help. Many people might not think so but a song might be hard to analyze. Examine the feeling that you receive from the song. Pick the right wri ting style and the right transition words. Top Choices of Topics for Rhetorical Analysis Essay Analysis paper has an incredibly important role in the academic life of a student. If that's the case, ensure you select the most convincing, vivid quotes to support every one of the analyzed methods. Although the intro is important (after all, it sets the tone for the entire paper), the key analysis will occur in the body paragraphs. Stick to the given outline or even rewrite the entire text using your initial strategy. What You Need to Do About Topics for Rhetorical Analysis Essay Beginning in the Next 20 Minutes Any exam is a time-limited procedure, so if you really need to ace it, preparation is the secret to success. These essays take additional time to make certain you fully grasp the work you're analyzing to the maximum degree. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. When you Korea University custom essay cheap Greek and Roman History h ave found the ideal grant, you need to decide what are the essentials of the organization and produce the elements of your grants to coincide with them.

Benefits of Travelling on Human Understanding and Communication

Benefits of Travelling on Human Understanding and Communication All of us are born in a family, which lives in a certain country at a specific point of time. Our outlook and perspective in life are largely shaped by the environment, in which we live. The inputs we have in our life would determine what kind of people we grow up to become. What goes into our minds can greatly influence what comes out of it later. No matter where a person is born and raised up, a wide exposure to other cultures and lands would have a profound influence on having the right perspective of the world around us. For instance, people who are born in a rich and affluent country will never be aware of the poverty and misery that people in poorer nations go through. Of course, they might see pictures or news reports on TV of poor people in some third world nation, but those few minutes may not make a large impact on their lives. But if they travel to those countries and have first-hand experience of the living conditions in those regions, then their outlook on life itself would change. In fact, many people, who go through such experiences, come back with a much greater appreciation for the comforts and the kind of lifestyle that they enjoy in their own country. Likewise, people in underdeveloped nations need to be exposed to the advancements in developed countries, so that their minds were not limited by the restrictions imposed by their poverty. There are many grant programs that enable students from third world countries study in the developed nations of the world. They need to make use of this wonderful opportunity to develop their resources and expand the limits of their mind. This kind of mutual exposure would go a long way in promoting understanding between peoples of different cultures, races and languages. Travel can therefore promote understanding and communication between the different nations of the world.

Essay on The Positive and Negative Influence of Globalization

The process of globalization has been labeled as one of the most influential features of the world’s recent history. Ever since 1980s, Globalization has been a buzzword. It is widely accepted as an efficient means toward various transformations, including technology innovations and economy reforms. Empowered by advances in communications,globalization enables people to share resources for newly emerging businesses with wide-ranging horizons of their managers and therefore significantly boosts the economy through making a full use of labor and capital from all over the world. Globalization does make the world more prosperous. At its best, it can be efficient, progressive and free. With greater and wider foreign trade and investment,†¦show more content†¦Workers of the hotel work in grimy conditions behind-the-scenes and live in miserable shabby places. The work is tedious. â€Å"This washing up was a thoroughly odious job—not hard, but boring and silly beyond w ords,† Orwell writes, â€Å"it is dreadful to think that some people spend their whole decades at such occupations(639).† Foxconn is a symbol, an extraordinary specimen of China’s participation in globalization. It is a legend itself. Guarded as an â€Å"industrial empire,† it produces a huge amount of GDP, manufacturing prosperity, and even created a class, a society of working and producing. However, while it manages workers as machines, this legendary manufacturer has no longer deserve its halo: â€Å"reports of forced overtime, child labor, minimum wage violations and unsafe working conditions at its suppliers, have contrasted with Apple’s status as creator of hallowed devices and its spectacular $13 billion in profit –30 percent of sales –in the first quarter.† An increase in concern over worker safety isShow MoreRelatedGlobalization of the Economy1729 Words   |  7 PagesEconomic globalization has voluminous positive influences on international security as well. The most important effect of economic globalization is that it curbs the authority of state. It also reduces states’ dependence on military based security and ultimately reduces states’ monopoly on security. This effect is considered by many, a prime factor contributing towards peace and stability. There are number of factors associated with economic globalization which affects states authority. FirstlyRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On Society1369 Words   |  6 Pages Globalization is a broad term used in multiple social studies classes. There are three types of globalization: cultural, economical and political. As both positive and negative views exist on globalization; using just the word globalization isn’t specific enough to understand these viewpoints. Knowing the different types of globalization will allow a person to form their own opinion whether or not each individual type of globalization has a positive or negative impact on society. Cultural globalizationRead MoreThe World Regional Geography Textbook1151 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribes globalization as the growth of interregional and worldwide linkages and the changes these linkages are bringing about (pg. 30). Globalization has had a mainly positive impact on people around the world, however there have also been negative impacts, too. It affects the political, economic, social, and cultural aspects of the world positively and negatively. Politically, globalization started mostly because of colonization which also helped shape the world today. The positive side of colonizationRead MoreGlobalization Has Made An Influence On Multiculturalism940 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization for (Giddens 1990, p.64) is the ‘intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa’. This meaning that In contemporary Britain today worldwide countries and different locations are interconnecting in many different ways even if they are thousands of miles away. This could firstly be in terms of the distribution of goods, whereby different cultures food and servicesRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On Industrialization761 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization is a primary development of the trade, culture, and environment to promote the exclusion of human activities from geographical restrictions. Globalization in human activities is the most frequent and closest part of the environment. So far, globalization’s negative impact on the ecological environment is far more than its positive impact. In this article, industrialization, urbanization, and trade liberalization these three factors’ influence on globalization will be illustrated. GlobalizationRead MorePoverty : A Economic Disparity Between The Rich And Poor1361 Words   |  6 PagesThe study of poverty is often linked to globalization, and the effect of globalization on the world’s poor is highly debated (Rahim, et al., 2014). This paper will discuss the overall effects of the income gap, both positive and negative views of globalization on poverty, and an analysis of Adam’s Smith quote in relation to the income differences between the rich and the poor. The gap between the wealthy and the poor citizens of a country has an influence on the health, wellness, and overall economicRead MoreThe Effects Of Globalization On The Economic And Cultural Borders994 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization is when interactions are made from trade and financial relationships amongst people, government, and companies. This is what allows the people around the globe to buy and sell the same items, even if the products weren’t from that country originally. That may seem alright, however, there are arguments between individuals who believe it has negative effects and those that see it as a positive force. Although, I believe it is positive for the United States and for the rest of the worldRead MoreGlobalization and Citizenship Essays768 Words   |  4 Pagesinvestments and trade. Imagine economic integration and the rapid development of cities. This is globalization. Globalization is used to describe the increased integration and internationalization of economic affairs and relations which are facilitated and transitioned by rapid development in technology in the fields of information gathering, communication and processing. Globalization has a very big influence and impact on the economies of the world. We see many countries developing at rapid paces andRead MoreImpact of Globalization on Non Western Culture Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of Globalization on Non Western Cultures Examples of Globalization’s Impact Globalization is far reaching in this day and age. Globalization is the worldwide flow of goods, services, money, people, information, and culture. It leads to a greater interdependence and mutual awareness among the people of the world (Tischler, 2011, 2007, p. 430). One non-Western culture that has been impacted by globalization is China. An example of the impact of globalization on China is their economy. Read MoreImpact of Globalization on Zimbabwean Culture1676 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization has had a significant impact on the Zimbabwean culture . Globalization has greatly changed Zimbabwean culture . The effects of globalization on Zimbabwean culture has been quite varied having both positive and negative effects . It is however the writer’s view that globalization has had a largely negative impact on Zimbabwean culture as Rodrik(1971:8) points out that â€Å"globalization creates social and political tensions within and

Genetic And Genomic Nursing Assessment - 1167 Words

Genetic Family History Assessment The purpose of this paper is to complete a Genetic and Genomic Nursing Assessment to analyze family genetic health risks. Genomics is the study of genes in the human genome and their interactions with each other and the environment and genetics is the study of individual genes and their effect on clinical disorders (Kaakinen, Coehlo, Steele, Tabacco, Hanson, 2015). Nurses should be able to perform an assessment of a family s genetic health risks by using a three-generation family pedigree to obtain information regarding possible genetic inheritance pattern and recurrence risks. The family chosen for this paper has a history of chromosome balanced and unbalanced translocation. A balanced translocation is a chromosomal abnormality that if unbalanced (too much or too little genetic material) can lead to infertility, multiple miscarriages, or a child with congenital abnormalities, developmental issues, etc. A balanced translocation does not have a straightforward inheritance patte rn. It depends on the chromosomes involved, if the carrier is a male versus female and how much genetic material is involved in the translocation itself. Family Members, Health and Reproductive History The first step was assessing a family history is to identify a three generation family pedigree which identified the genetic risk of chromosomal balanced translocation. Assessing the family health history is the best way to improve medical adherence prior toShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues of Importance to Nurses Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pagestreatment. Genetic research is defined as a new approach to a better understanding of the genetic components of common diseases: Cancer, diabetes, stroke, and creating new gene-based technologies for screening, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of both rare and common diseases. Nurses are a main aspect within the first line of care, and therefore will contribute fully in genetic-based and genomic-based practice activities such as collecting family history, obtaining informed consent for genetic testingRead MoreI Am Working As A Family Health Nurse And Counseling A Married Couple Essay1054 Words   |  5 PagesWhen caring for families who ne ed genetic counseling, it’s essential that the nurse understands and considers the family’s values, background, beliefs and behaviors. This information is valuable when setting mutual goals, developing care plans and choosing interventions (Andrews and Boyle, 2016). In this post I will imagine that I am working as a family health nurse and counseling a married couple who are seeking my advice because they are both carriers for Huntington’s disease. As a nurse it’sRead MoreFamily Health History Is A Powerful Tool For Screening Patients915 Words   |  4 Pageswill complete a Genetic/Genomic Nursing Assessment on my friend and her family. I will discuss three generations of family members, identify health issues, and genetic traits. This report will contain the family’s ethnic background, reproductive history, and any growth and development variations. To further expand on this information I will evaluate my friend’s understanding, as well as her family, of their genetic health risks, identify health risk problems, and include nursing interventions. WhileRead MoreA Study On Polycystic Kidney Disease ( Pkd )3218 Words   |  13 PagesPolycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder primarily affecting the kidneys. It is characterized by growth of numerous cysts on the kidneys (McPhee, Papadakis Rabow, 2014). The kidneys primary job is to filter the waste products from the blood into urine and ultimately out of the body. The cysts are primarily fluid filled and when they become enlarged, they interfere the normal functioning of the kidneys, leading to enlarged kidney (McPhee et al., 2014). When the enlarged kidney stopsRead MoreWhat Culture And How Their Culture Affects Their Healthcare1216 Words   |  5 PagesSlovenian, German, Catholic individual. However, the main culture I identify with is the nursing culture. It’s essential we as nurses, focus on holistic care. This assignment assisted me in co mpleting that; as I was able to learn about my patient’s background and the culture that they grew up in. 2. What are the culture(s) your patient identifies with, and specifically which one(s) will you focus on in this assessment? My patient identifies with multiple cultures such as being Christian, family orientatedRead MoreThe Common And Fatal Genetic Disease3665 Words   |  15 PagesCystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most common and fatal genetic disease currently in the United States, affecting roughly 30,000 Americans each year (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2013). CF is an autosomal inherited disease that adversely affects the mucus and it’s production throughout the entire body. Mucus is normally a slippery substance that lubricates and protects vital organs and body systems including the lining of airways, reproductive system and digestive systems. Patients who areRead MoreHypertension And High Blood Pressure1703 Words   |  7 Pageshypertension can be chronic renal failure, stroke due to hemorrhage, loss of vision, or congestive heart failure. Lifespan may be considerably shorter, particularly in men, when hypertension is not controlled. Genomic Issues Essential hypertension is a result of the interplay of a number of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle issues. Hypertension is more common among individuals whose parents or other close family members have hypertension. In these individuals, diminished ability to excrete excessiveRead MoreA Research On The Family History Public Health Initiative1643 Words   |  7 PagesCurrent research activities related to concepts 1. Health History In 2002 the CDC launched the Family History Public Health Initiative, based on the notion that family history although a simple and inexpensive form of genetic assessment is an under used but effective tool for identifying patients risks. It has long been taught as one of the core foundations of the medical interview, yet over the years these skills have been lost or overwhelmed by the pressures and time constraints of day to day practiceRead MoreHealth Inequalities : An Individual s Social And Economic Environments Essay2052 Words   |  9 Pagesfactors can have an effect on health (Marmot and Bell, 2012). When an individual lives in a social context where he or she receives care and support from other people, then there is less stress in dealing with issues that arise (Royal College of Nursing, 2007). On the other hand, when there are increased social pressures that can result in abuse, isolation, or overwork in the home or outside of the home, then the ability of the individual t o deal with the challenges that they face will continue toRead MoreCurrent Trends in Nursing Research2280 Words   |  10 PagesISSUES OF NURSING | Current Trend in Nursing Research What is research? Focused on uncovering new knowledge to help understand phenomena, answer questions, or address problems, Goal directed, A systematic process of inquiry. Research means â€Å"to search again or carefully examine† (Langford 2001). â€Å"A systematic study of problems in patient care.†Ã‚   Abdellah: â€Å"A systematic detailed attempt to discover or confirm facts that relate to a specific problem to improve the practice and profession of nursing.† Polit

Motivation Over Money - 838 Words

In the cultural stirring pot that is America, ethnicities are extremely diverse, sometimes causing tensions between the races. Some were wronged in the past while others were given help to succeed, and now it is the country’s desire to make life more equal. The way the government tries to do this is by putting in effect Affirmative Action. This policy gives preference to races that were historically harmed and therefore stunted in ability to make more of their lives now. These minorities are given first choice in places such as the workplace or in educational institutions in order to make them more culturally diverse. In the comparison of two opposing views on the issue, I agree with the view that does not condone Affirmative Action. I agree with the article â€Å"The Case against Affirmative Action,† written by Louis Pojman, for I believe the program is morally unjust. I understand the attempt it is making to make up for mistreatment in the past, but I don’t believe this type of opportunity compensation will solve the problem. By giving preference to ethnicities who were not given preference in the past, society must again lower a group’s worth, this time the majority group. We have learned from our past and do all we can to make society equal, and over time, by society’s behavior and mentality, the equality will exist fully. If the issue is about the previously excluded race not having the same opportunities, then I think we need to give them the chance to earn it. Even then,Show MoreRelatedSubjective Well-Being Essay1316 Words   |  6 Pagespatterns and paradigms define the emotional responses to social influences. From an objective viewpoint, well-being is a state of consciousness that arises from a combination of internal and external factors, and money is an unstable external influence in defining subjective well-being. Money as a determinant for subjective well-being is influenced by several cultural influences. For example, Dittmar (2008) points out a study on UK and Croatian students that revealed more materialistic inclinationsRead MoreA Theory Of Motivation Is The Hawthorne Effect On The Workplace Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesAnother theory of motivation is the Hawthorne effect which was established by Henry A. Landsberger in the 1950s. The theory states that employees tend to work harder and give a better performance when they know they were being observed by their employers. Research has been conducted for this theory where they concluded that the employees were more motivated when they were receiving attention. In order to apply the Hawthorne effect to the workplace, studies suggests that the employer should provideRead MoreIs Remuneration The Sole Motivator?1477 Words   |  6 Pagesa department that provides many different methods of motivation for the employees. Many people have agree d on the fact that money does initially engage us but it isn’t enough to retain people or bring about an increased level of job satisfaction in them .A study by Tim judge and his colleagues provided that, ‘The authors reviewed 120 years of research to synthesize the findings from 92 quantitative studies. The combined dataset included over 15,000 individuals and 115 correlation coefficients. TheRead MoreEngstrom: Resistance to Change1093 Words   |  4 Pagesand the workers terrible attitudes must be adjusted because they are no longer engaged in their work, and their actions like delaying production are going to put them all out of work. Scanlon is no longer a solution to the companys challenges. Over time, productivity improvements are subject to the law of diminishing returns, and it requires that entirely new technologies are developed in order to see significant improvement. If that does not happen, the company will have difficulty sustainingRead MoreMotivation to Work Well Depends More Than High Wages and on Working Co1636 Words   |  7 PagesMotivation to Work Well Depends More Than High Wages and on Working Conditions 1) Discuss critically the validity of the contention that the motivation to work well depends on more than a high salary and good working conditions. This essay will define what motivation is, the influence and effect that money and good working conditions have on staff and the other factors and issues that motivate staff to work in the context of the workplace. In order to critically discuss and evaluate what motivatesRead MoreCompare Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivators1199 Words   |  5 PagesExtrinsic Motivation USP MBA Program - Presentation – Trimester 1 – 2011 by Group 8 Members Mukhtar Ahmed Nitesh Chandra ; Gabriel Pen ; Ateca C. Vakatora ; Devina R. Rao ; Salote Naulivou Objectives: To define motivation To define Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation To give examples of Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivations Identify the relationship between Intrinsic Extrinsic motivations using the theories that discuss the relationship and give examples. Conclusion Motivation What isRead MoreIs Remuneration The Sole Motivator?1473 Words   |  6 Pagesa department that provides many different methods of motivation for the employees. Many people have agreed on the fact that money does initially engage us but it isn’t enough to retain people or bring about an increased level of job satisfaction in them .A study by Tim judge and his colleagues provided that, ‘The authors reviewed 120 years of research to synthesize the findings from 92 quantitative studies. The combined dataset included over 15,000 individuals and 115 correlation coefficients. TheRead MoreThe Effect of Extrinsic Reward on Helping Behavior 1109 Words   |  5 Pagesbe focusing on whether intrinsic motivation and extrinsic reward will have effects on helping behavior. Do people help others out genuinely because of good nature and self-fulfillment or because of the presence of reward? If extrinsic reward will increase people willingness to help people, what kind of reward will h ave the greatest effect? Before discussing further, it is better to understand what is intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation means the reason someone engageRead MoreStudent Athletes and Academics1134 Words   |  5 Pages Academic Motivation of Student Athletes For decades there has been a debate on student athletes and their drive to succeed in the classroom. From the very beginning of organized college level athletics, the goal to want to succeed in athletics has forced students to put academics to the back burner. In spite of the goal to want to succeed over a hundred years of attempts to check limits of intercollegiate athletic programs on colleges academic standards still seems to struggle to this day. ThisRead MoreThe Best Way to Increase Work Motivation for an Organisation Is Through Financial Rewards. Discuss.1711 Words   |  7 Pageseffects of financial rewards on the work motivation of an organization and also whether or not this system of reward can cause an increase in the levels of work motivation already present in the organization. It furthermore aims to discuss weather Financial Rewards are the best way to increase the work motivation present. Although the essay shall primary be focused on Financial Rewards and Work Motiva tion, other factors that may have an effect on work motivation shall be discussed. For this purpose the

Finance Manager free essay sample

Target market the tasks have been designed to enable learners to demonstrate their skills, knowledge and understanding of professional administration in the business world. This unit could be assessed in the workplace or learners could support a real meeting whilst on work placement. Alternatively centres may use the scenario as a basis for this assessment. If the scenario is used, the tasks will need to be run as role-play activities and the centre will need to allocate appropriate roles to their learners and/or identify other suitable participants. Learners will provide support to Peter Holmes, the Finance Manager at Baylis Phelps. The tutor should act as the Finance Manager throughout this assignment. A group of at least five participants will need to be gathered so that a realistic business meeting can take place. The other participants may be other learners but roles must be rotated to ensure that all learners have the opportunity to fully address the tasks and related Assessment Criteria. Learners are provided with a copy of the quarterly agenda in Appendix A and this will form the basis of the information they use to complete the tasks. The tasks have been designed so that all of the assessment criteria in Unit 19 are addressed. These guidance notes must be used in conjunction with the unit specification and C. Understand marketing concepts used by businesses Marketing concepts: buyer decision-making process: Attention, Information, Decision, Action, Satisfaction; unique selling proposition (USP), eg unique mix/product, quicker, friendlier, cheaper; segmentation and targeting: defining typical customers, targeting groups of potential customers; benefits versus features from customers’ point of view; marketing mix: product or service, place or distribution, price, promotion; importance of designing marketing mix to meet customers’ needs; importance of coordinating all aspects of the marketing mix; importance of costing a marketing mix Types of promotion: eg advertising: newspapers, radio, TV, cinema, magazines, outdoor, flyers, internet; personal selling; promotional activities, eg competitions, money-off coupons, free gifts with purchase, tasting sessions, demonstrations, fundraising; direct marketing: direct mail; catalogue shopping, internet shopping; sponsorship; public rel ations: press releases, press conferences, promotion through networking; cost-effectiveness of method and plan. Evidence of success or failure in the marketplace: business marketing campaigns that have worked and those that have failed and the  reasons why 2 Be able to plan marketing and promotion Sections in marketing plan: market definition and opportunity: proposed target market segments, demand for product/service; competition; other external influences, eg trends, legislation; marketing tactics: use of marketing mix, image; marketing research: method, scale, findings, conclusions; sales forecasts, support material, eg industry studies, letters of support; how success of marketing will be measured . Promotion plan: coordination with rest of marketing mix; image to be developed; costs; schedule for proposed promotion campaign; type of promotional materials appropriate for the customer group, eg poster, leaflet, advertisement, website; nature of the promotional materials, eg colours, visual features, text; name of the product/service and company; branding or logo, website design and functionality; reasons why promotional material is appropriate for the customer group; how success of promotions will be measured 223(Web only) Edexcel BTEC Level 2 Firsts specification in Business – Issue 1 – February 2010  © Edexcel Limited 2009 Assessment and grading criteria In order to pass this unit, the evidence that the learner presents for assessment needs to demonstrate that they can meet all the learning outcomes for the unit. The criteria for a pass grade describe the level of achievement required to pass this unit. Assessment and grading criteria To achieve a pass grade the evidence must show that the learner is able to: To achieve a merit grade the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass criteria, the learner is able to: To achieve a distinction grade the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass and merit criteria, the learner is able to: P1 assess own business proposition using marketing concepts [CT3] P2 justify types of promotion for a micro start-up business drawing on evidence of success or failure in the marketplace P3 plan marketing for a micro start-up business that is relevant to customer needs [SM2/SM3] M1 explain how marketing principles have been used to develop a marketing mix for a micro start-up business D1 develop a cost-effective, coordinated marketing mix and promotion plan to meet the needs of a defined target market. P4 plan costed promotional activity for a micro start-up business that is appropriate for customer groups. [SM2/SM3] M2 produce a cost-effecti ve promotion plan that communicates consistent messages to prospective customers. This summary references where applicable, in the square brackets, the elements of the personal, learning and thinking skills which are embedded in the assessment of this unit. By achieving the criteria, learners will have demonstrated effective application of the referenced elements of the skills. Key IE – independent enquirers CT – creative thinkers RL – reflective learners TW – team workers SM – self-managers EP – effective participators (Web only) Edexcel BTEC Level 2 Firsts specification in Business – Issue 1 – February 2010  © Edexcel Limited 2009224 Essential guidance for tutors Delivery Although this unit could be taken as a stand-alone unit it has been written to form one of a series of units which take learners through the whole process from generating a business idea to pitching a business plan. It is, therefore, important that the delivery of the units is coordinated to maximise the benefits of the continuing theme. When planning learning outcome 1, tutors will need to be aware that although learners may be familiar with promotion campaigns, the theoretical concepts can be quite challenging at this level. It is recommended that the learning programme includes plenty of opportunities to explore how concepts such as the marketing mix have been used in a range of contexts of interest to learners. Visiting speakers, including marketing professionals in an industry such as mobile telephony, would be of interest to learners. It would also be beneficial for learners to see how micro start-up businesses and social enterprises have used marketing concepts. Whilst material and examples can be drawn from the range of successful promotional campaigns that surround all potential consumers in the developed world, there is much to be learned from flawed campaigns and it is suggested that the learners carry out an analysis of some examples of a poorly designed marketing mix. Learning outcome 2 is about planning marketing and promotion. Once learners are clear about what is required, much of the learning for this outcome will be through working on their own marketing plans and promotion plans. Learners could work in workshops with support as needed, available from the tutor or from business mentors. Learners should focus on the needs of their customers  and ensure that promotions are tailored to customer groups and fully costed. 225(Web only) Edexcel BTEC Level 2 Firsts specification in Business – Issue 1 – February 2010  © Edexcel Limited 2009 Outline learning plan The outline learning plan has been included in this unit as guidance and can be used in conjunction with the programme of suggested assignments. The outline learning plan demonstrates one way of planning the delivery and assessment of this unit. Topic and suggested assignments/activities Tutor-led introduction to unit and learning programme. Tutor-led discussion on AIDA model – group discussion on relevance to model for different types of purchases drawing on learners’ own experiences as customers. Learner pairwork on identifying benefits and segmentation and targeting for recent purchases made by learners. Learners in groups consider how marketing concepts apply to their own product or service and the customers they intend to attract. Entrepreneur introduction followed by group discussion on the marketing mix using examples from real businesses. Small groupwork research into cases of poorly integrated marketing mix – groups suggest how these could be improved. Learners work on how these concepts apply to their own planned businesses (can be used for assignment). Tutor-led introduction to promotion mix and analysis of promotion for one product of interest to learners. Learner group discussion on marketing plan and how this could be used to plan for a micro start-up business or social enterprise, learners consult with entrepreneurs on how marketing may be applied for their enterprise. Entrepreneur introduction to promotion followed by small group activity designing promotion campaign for a proposed event to be held in the learning context. Learners work in groups in a workshop environment to develop their marketing and promotion plan. There should be access to tutor support, and also support from visiting marketing professionals and entrepreneurs. There should also be opportunity for peer review of draft plans. Classwork and individual learning time on completion of: Marketing and Promotion Plan (P1, P2, P3, P4, M1, M2, D1). (Web only) Edexcel BTEC Level 2 Firsts specification in Business – Issue 1 – February 2010  © Edexcel Limited 2009226 Assessment This unit is one of a series that supports development of a business plan for a micro start-up business. Assessment work should be based on producing a marketing plan and a promotion plan for learners’ planned start-up businesses. Learners will be drawing on assessment work from previous units in the series. It is recommended that tutors break down the work for learners, for example by taking in different parts of the marketing plan and providing feedback before the learners go on to develop their promotion plan. The criteria relating to the first learning outcome are about applying theory and these should be assessed through development and justification within the marketing and promotion plan. Alternatively, learners could develop their marketing and promotion plan but orally present their reasons for choices and the link to theory. For P1, learners should produce evidence of the application of marketing concepts listed in the content of the unit within the context of their microbusiness or social enterprise. Learners could use the concepts to frame the plan. For P2, learners should choose types of promotion listed in the content and the choices should be justified within the context of the business plan. For P3, learners should produce a marketing plan for a micro start-up business using sections as given or similar to those listed in the content. For M1, the learners should explain how they have used marketing concepts to develop their marketing mix. Learners are not expected to explain fully how all the concepts have been used and if they are able to explain how two of the marketing concepts have been used then the criterion is satisfied. P4 requires learners to produce a promotion plan for their own business. This should follow on from the marketing plan and it should include choice of media relevant to customer groups, the development of sample promotional materials, timings and costings for the micro start-up business. For M2, the promotion plan should be sufficiently developed to be capable of being implemented and all parts of the plan should coordinate with other parts, for example leaflets, language and chosen media all likely to appeal to targeted customer group. For D1, each aspect of the marketing mix and promotion plan will complement all other aspects and has been designed to appeal to a defined group of potential customers. The plan will include a description of the attributes and needs of this target group. Business planning preparation The table below shows how the grading criteria are assessed through the preparation learners will undertake for their business plan. Understand marketing concepts used by businesses Marketing concepts: buyer decision-making process: Attention, Information, Decision, Action, Satisfaction; unique selling proposition (USP), eg unique mix/product, quicker, friendlier, cheaper; segmentation and targeting: defining typical customers, targeting groups of potential customers; benefits versus features from customers’ point of view; marketing mix: product or service, place or distribution, price, promotion; importance of designing marketing mix to meet customers’ needs; importance of coordinating all aspects of the marketing mix; importance of costing a marketing mix Types of promotion: eg advertising: newspapers, radio, TV, cinema, magazines, outdoor, flyers, internet; personal selling; promotional activities, eg competitions, money-off coupons, free gifts with purchase, tasting sessions, demonstrations, fundraising; direct marketing: direct mail; catalogue shopping, internet shopping; sponsorship; public rel ations: press releases, press conferences, promotion through networking; cost-effectiveness of method and plan. Evidence of success or failure in the marketplace: business marketing campaigns that have worked and those that have failed and the reasons why 2 Be able to plan marketing and promotion Sections in marketing plan: market definition and opportunity: proposed target market segments, demand for product/service; competition; other external influences, eg trends, legislation; marketing tactics: use of marketing mix, image; marketing research: method, scale, findings, conclusions; sales forecasts, support material, eg industry studies, letters of support; how success of marketing will be measured Promotion plan: coordination with rest of marketing mix; image to be developed; costs; schedule for proposed promotion campaign; type of promotional materials appropriate for the customer group, eg poster, leaflet, advertisement, website; nature of the promotional materials, eg colours, visual features, text; name of the product/service and company; branding or logo, website design and functionali ty; reasons why promotional material is appropriate for the customer group; how success of promotions will be measured

Financial Statement Fraud and Corporate Governance

Question: Discuss about the Financial Statement Fraud and Corporate Governance. Answer: Introduction Lehman Brothers was an international financial service provider firm. It was the fourth largest firm in the field of investment banking in the United States before September 2008. In September 2008, Lehman Brothers declared themselves as bankrupt and filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy. The main causes for failure and collapse of Lehman Brothers were not -assessment of risks on the part of the management and the condition was further aggravated by the auditors by not warning the management about the consequences that would follow because of negligence by the management (Cappelleto, 2010). The auditors also concealed such facts and figures from the financial statements, which if shown, would have saved the firm from collapsing. Hence, strong procedure and regulations is the need of the hour as it demands strict control and lead to an effective course of action. Between the year 2001 and 2008 there a major boom in the housing market. Lehman Brothers assumed the investment in the housing market a highly profitable venture and it started borrowing heavily and invested all its proceeds in the mortgage market. By the time, the sub- prime mortgage business of housing finances had also become worse. Another major part of exposure by Lehman Brothers at that time was in Real Estate, private financing and leveraged lending from its own capital (CPA, 2012). The firm had invested billions of money in risky portfolios without keeping the consequences in mind. And for all these investments, it had raised billions of dollars from various financers just like other investment bankers were doing. Instruments used A major disastrous and deceitful step that was taken by Lehman Brothers was the use of Repo 105 transaction in a wrong manner so as to present a rosy image of its balance sheet before the public who was investing in Lehman Brothers and the financial institutions in order to receive more lending. The Investment Securities were kept as collateral and the funds thus received were used to pay off the troubles obligations of the firm (Kruger, 2015). The firm was supposed to show the holding of securities as collateral by the third parties as a nothing in the financial statements and to show the securities as it is in the Balance Sheet, which was concealed with the help of auditors. The transaction was shown as for sale of inventory of securities and the securities were slowly and gradually decreased by these Repo Transactions (Christensen, 2011). Moreover, the loan taken against these securities were never shown in the Balance Sheet as the firm treated these Loans as Sales Proceeds of Inv estment Securities. All this was done to depict more liquid assets and funds and less risky liabilities in the Balance Sheet of the firm. The long-term investments securities and assets were being mortgaged for short-term borrowings by Lehman Brothers in form of Repo Transactions and Commercial Papers and in mid and late 2008, the firm was borrowing huge amounts on a daily basis. This firm was exposed to a huge risk because it borrowed huge sum of money. Once the obligation of debt enters the system, it leads to hype in the interest rate and ultimately a major iskOver the time, the financial institutions stopped accepting long-term securities as collateral against short-term borrowing and the firm gradually failed to meet its obligations (Hoffelder, 2012). All theses major transactions and facts had led to the collapse of Lehman Brothers. The situations worsened more with the concealment of these material and key matters from the financial statements. Had all these risky ventures been forewarned by the auditors in the financial statements, the collapse could have been delayed or might have been avoided (Kaplan, 2011). The Auditors of Lehman Brothers were Ernst Young LLP (one of the big four accountancy and audit firms) having its headquarters in New York. Auditing Standard ASA 701- Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditors Report It came into effect for financial reporting periods ending on or after 15th December 2016. The main objects of inculcating this auditing standard are mainly to assess the key audit matters and once assessed, these matters should be communicated along with an unbiased opinion on such key matters to the management of the audited firm. The purpose of such communication is to ensure enhanced transparency in the financial statements audited and to enable the users of the financial statements to have a look into the matters which can in any way affect such users in future. In the case of Lehman Brothers, if ASA 701 was to be followed then the auditor would not have concealed the material fact that was key audit matters on the basis of which the financial statements were to be interpreted by its users and investors. As per Roach (2010) Key Audit Matters are those matters which require significant attention of the auditor during the auditing process of financial statements and reports. For assessing such significance, the auditors have to find out the matters that have a high risk of material misstatement, high uncertainty and the effects of such transactions that have occurred during the audit period. Auditing Issues surrounding the Lehman Collapse: Following points explain in Lehman Brothers collapse case, the role of Auditors in Concealment of material facts and non-communication and now- disclosure of key matters that would have been disclosed if the ASA 701 was there at that point of time and was followed. However the unavailability of the standard and major loopholes in the system led to the total downfall. In the Repo Transactions undertaken by Lehman Brothers, the short-term financing transactions were treated as sales. In the Balance Sheet of the firm, the Securities offered as collateral were removed from the Balance Sheet and liability was reduced so as to depict that the liabilities were being paid off by selling off of securities thereby reducing the leverage. The actual treatment of Repo Transaction should have been that the Securities were to be shown as it is in the Balance Sheet and a nothing was to be given that the securities have been given as collateral to third parties against the funds raised from them (Wiggins et. al, 2014). Further, the loan raised from the third parties was to be shown in Balance Sheet till these were repaid. As the transaction was treated as Sales under FAS 140, hence the loan taken from third parties was shown nowhere and the securities shown as sold were reduced from the assets in the balance sheet (Parker et. al, 2011). All this was affirmed by t he auditors of the firm and no nothing for the same were given in their Audit Report as the FAS 140 did not say anything about the independent obligation of disclosure and the same was taken advantage of by the firm and auditor too. Lehman and its Auditor firm decided not to show the impact of the Repo 105 transactions on the balance sheet as it would make it clear to the investors and the financiers that the leverage effect was not changing and the firm was already under huge loan liabilities. The Auditors should have disclosed all the impacts related to the wrong method of treatment of Repo 105 transactions that were being done by Lehman Brothers (Christian Metrick, 2014). Hence, the auditor decided not to disclose the impact of Repo. Approval of Lehmans Repo 105 Policy for manipulating the Balance Sheet Lehman had made an internal policy of Repo 105 and Reverse Repo and to further treat the same in the balance sheet as trading (sale and repurchase) of investments. This policy was made after the approval and affirmations from Auditors. The Auditor should have stopped Lehman from doing so and should have forewarned them against the consequences that this policy could have in future. Afterward Lehman had also started Repo 108 transactions in which equities were used in place of fixed income securities as collateral. The same was also affirmed by the Auditors of the firm. For treating the Repo 105 transactions as Sales under FAS 140, the firm had to obtain a true sales opinion that stated the transactions are fully complying the legal criteria to be followed for transfers /sales. This True Sales Opinion was not obtained by Lehman in the US. Afterward he tied up with finances of UK to enter into Repo transactions where he had obtained true sales opinion with a condition that the investment securities will only be traded within the UK and the securities should also be sited in the UK (Manoharan, 2011). Lehman Brothers entered into a number of transactions on the basis of this opinion through which he collateralized fixed income securities amounting to billions of dollars (Fazal, 2013). After some time, without disclosing it to UK financers, Lehman started transfers of billions of dollars of American fixed income generating securities also. The auditors had full knowledge of the above situations but never disclosed the same in financial statements. Approval of Financial Statements that concealed Repo 105 transactions There was an obligation on the part of Lehman to buy back the billions of dollars of securities that were transferred temporarily to the third parties. This was nowhere disclosed by Lehman Brothers in their Financial Statements regarding the same. All such transactions were merely presented as Balance Sheet Fluctuations in the management reports (Baldwin, 2010). Secondly, the obligation to repurchase these securities at a lower rate were treated as derivatives on the balance sheet and these derivatives were hidden in a large group of derivatives mentioned in the footnotes of the financial statements (Heeler, 2009). All this was approved by the Auditors which was a total concealment of material misstatements. As per IFAC (2015) the leverage ratio had materially declined in the year 2008 as compared to the year 2007 for the firm. Moreover, the reduction was temporary and falsely created by Repo 105 transactions. After the end of fiscal quarters, Lehman used to repay the debts of Repo transactions and the securities would again get shown in the Balance Sheet. This would affect the leverage ratios up to a material level that had to be disclosed by the firm in financial statements and by the auditor in his audit report (Fazal, 2013). The above-said points clearly explain as to what were the key matters in the case of Lehman Brothers that were to be communicated to those charged with governance. If the Auditing Standard ASA-701 was followed and were there for the persual of Lehman Brothers and its auditors, the auditors might have strictly followed the same and saved a lot of investors and mainly Lehman Brothers from such huge irrecoverable losses. Therefore, the standard ASA-701 could have acted as a safeguard and provided a remedial course of action. Recommendation Auditors should also correctly depict and audit the financial statements. Auditors have the responsibility of the society as a whole to correctly audit the books of accounts and to report the misappropriation of the company. Auditors should comply with the auditing standards and completely apply them in use of audit. Auditors are the watch dog and not bloodhounds, but they should be able to correctly understand the working of the company and audit the books. Auditors can be held responsible for the loss to the third parties who relied on the financial statements audited by the Audit firm as seen in the case of Lehman Brothers. Hence auditors should correctly report all misappropriations done by the management in their audit report. Further, the collapse of Lehman indicates that there was huge gap between the regulations and the real implementation. The failure indicates the pitfall in the regulatory mechanism hence, urging for stringent supervision and audit standards. It is essentia l for policy makers like IFRS, Accounting Standard Board, and Basel to implements stringent norms so that ethical practice are followed. Conclusion The case of Lehman Brothers provides many important lessons to every organization, be it small or large with regard to corporate governance and the ethical standards to be followed by the management and its evaluators including the auditors. The organizations should strictly adhere to the accounting policies and standards that have been set as these have been set keeping in view the impacts of each and every aspect of financial matters that are to be incorporated while preparation of financial statements and that can even get a countrys economy at stake if misled (Larcker Brin, 2011). It is recommended that the companies should do such reporting of true and correct financial transaction which should not mislead the stakeholders. Also, the financial statements should reflect the correct picture of the books of accounts and company`s operations. In such case, the company should try to resort to the adoption of regulatory accounting and auditing standards. References Baldwin, S., 2010. Doing a content audit or inventory. Pearson Press. Cappelleto, G., 2010. Challenges Facing Accounting Education in Australia. AFAANZ, Melbourne Christensen, J., 2011. Good analytical research. 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Wiggins, R.Z., Piontek, T Metrick, A., 2014. The Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy A. [pdf]. Available at: https://som.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/001-2014-3A-V1-LehmanBrothers-A-REVA.pdf [Accessed 26 April 2017]